Autoethnography
What is the goal of the images?
Memory
Empowerment
Personal narrative
Will to empower
Logics of empowerment
Subaltern
Control of images
Contradictions
Coding - Women, people of color
Marketing - political economy
Feminized Labor of nonprofits?
Nonprofit research
Friday, November 12, 2010
Monday, November 1, 2010
Proposal
Sean Watkins
Proposal for final paper
For the paper in this class, I would like to further look into the Medical Foundation’s website. In particular, I would like to examine literature on the image of the other. I think that I have not given enough of a close examination of issues of race, class and gender in my past analysis of the website. I really need to spend the time to go through some of the literature on images and video and how they relate to suffering and the other. Perhaps there will be a lot on this topic, but this would not be an exhaustive list. I plan on simply creating an initial group of sources that can be built upon in my dissertation. In my past research, I have simply looked at the position of the survivors of torture compared to the person asking the questions in the online videos. This has been a somewhat shallow analysis because it has not been informed by past literature and it simply examines the videos as a text without a cultural background. I really need to flesh out some more ideas before I can do both the Medical Foundation and survivors’ justice. In particular, the use of the image as being exploitative and/or empowering is incredibly important for this work. Therefore, the overall goal of this project is to give more depth to the research by opening up a different avenue of analysis. The first book that comes to mind for this project is Susan Sontag’s Regarding the Pain of Others. In it she argues that death and suffering has been intrinsically connected to the image for as long as the technology has existed. I would go far and to argue that suffering has been connected more so to certain types of bodies. In this short paper I would like to do a mini literature review of the available research that deals with the othered body as a site of exploitation. I think this would be useful because it will situate my own research within a larger framework of exploitation. I would like to complicate this by applying it to the images used by nonprofits. When images are ‘exploited’ by nonprofits does it have the same effect? Also, when we add the issue of capital to the equation what happens to this paradigm? Nonprofits must make money in order to survive; does this excuse certain tactics that they use in order to fulfill their need? I think that this type of research connects well to the fundamental tenants of feminist research.
I plan on starting my research with available articles on the image and its use in nonprofit organizations. Obviously this is important because I need to situate issues of representation within the context of the world of nonprofits. I get the feeling that there may not be a lot of research on this area, so I then plan on opening it up to the image of suffering and its use in the market place. It is crucial to keep capitalism in the mix because these organizations need money in order to survive. So, ideally I would use literature on how images are exploited (which is a term that I am not entirely comfortable in using-but haven’t thought of a better one yet) in order to run an organization. Almost every company has to use some sort of image or another to advertise their services, but there are different ways that these images are used. I think that work done on advertising might be helpful here, specifically how women and the other have been depicted in these ads. Also, the suffering of the other as being exploited would also be informative because most of the people on the Medical Foundation website are not white. Interestingly, many of the people that work at the MF are also not white (which may lead to an interesting discussion if I decided to do interviews at the organization for another piece). I think that the several areas above will be more than enough to fill up a paper. My goal is to synthesize these ideas together in order to give myself a good map for future research.
Monday, September 27, 2010
Video
A section from the paper I have been working on:
Here, we would like to switch directions and analyze the video section of the MF website. From the home page one can click on a small link toward the bottom of the center of the page that has an image of a man with white text. The text states “Speaking Out” and “Video Interviews.” After pressing the link, the user is sent to a much different looking page. This page uses much darker colors including grey, black, and red. At the top center the page it titled “Speaking Out” in large grey text. Below this are several sections of black and red tiles, and in the center is a large rectangle where one can play videos. The red tiles are all different videos of people who work at the Medical Foundation, victims of torture, doctors, etc. Interestingly, since starting this project, the number of red tiles has increased significantly, meaning that recently much more attention has been given to this section of the website. Also, in clockwise order from the left top corner, the following titles are placed around the main video box; “Treatment,” “MF Chief Executive,” “Arrival,” “Stories,” “Issues,” and “Funding.” There seems to be no order of how the links to the videos (red tiles) are placed other than being near one of the aforementioned titles. As there are red tiles strewn in different patterns, one can assume that eventually many more will be red.
Because of issues of limited space, we only examine two of the twenty videos posted. While there are many interesting videos with testimonies from different faculty at the MF, we instead would like to examine the ones that highlight the survivors of torture. These stories are most important because they represent the nature of the organization. When a donor is searching the website one of their primary concerns is to see that their money is going to some use. The stories of torture victims are incredibly important toward earning new capital for the organization. In fact, the website itself is littered with different stories of the survivor’s testimonies, treatments and fundraising events that are put on by the MF. However, this portion of the website is the first to have video testimony. We argue that audiences relate to videos differently than images or text. Also, in terms of representation, these testimonies are the voice (for the most part – I will talk about this in a bit) of the actual survivors without mediation. However, one must ask if these portrayals are empowering.
The videos offer different experiences of torture through sit down interviews. Under the story section of the videos there are only four videos of torture testimonies, but it seems that more will be added in the future. The reason for this, according to the website is; “We are in the midst of a major initiative in the ‘survivors speak out’ series and will have many more client comments over the next month”.. Each interview consists of an individual sitting (either in a room or outside) with an interviewer off camera. While the interviews are conducted, one can hear the unseen interviewer asking questions. This technique seems to be problematic in the sense that it could be mistaken as the same sort of interaction between torturers and tortured, but here we will give the MF the benefit of the doubt in terms of intentions. Also, some of the survivors are out of focus so that one cannot determine their true identity. Obviously, this is important so that the individual can feel safe in revealing their story to the world, but in a sense, this makes the experience even worse to listen to. When one cannot look at the person who is talking, there is a sense of foreboding added to the already tense environment.
The first survivor’s story is that of activism and torture. The video begins with a black screen that has the following text: “Jonathan was a teacher in the Democratic Repbulic of Congo. At the school where he taught he witnessed soldiers forcibly abducting children in conscription. Jonathan spoke out about the issues of child soldiers – for which he was imprisoned and tortured.” This text fades away and we see Jonathan, who is out of focus in the frame. We can just make out his shoulders and head, but his identity is well concealed. The first voice one hears is actually the interviewer who is off camera. She starts the conversation by asking him about how he spoke up against soldiers who were forcibly kidnapping children. In particular, she is interested in a specific night and she asks him to recall his experience. To paraphrase, Jonathan spoke on the local radio in protest the kidnapping of the torture. Later that night he was abducted because of his actions and taken by van to an undisclosed location. He was stripped naked and, according to him, he was physically abused. Jonathan explains that many people attacked him and eventually he was forced to perform oral sex on the strange men. The video abruptly ends with him saying that his experiences were ‘really awful’. While this is obviously a very hard story for him to recall, the scene is a bit problematic. There is not a lot of context given to these stories and the viewer simply becomes the voyeur. The clip is only about three minutes long, so there isn’t much time to really get to know Jonathon. We are privy to his torture, but not much else. Without more contextualization this depiction borders on a revictimization. We argue that there needs to be more information for this to be helpful to those who have been tortured. However, this may be the perfect small tidbit of information that a donor may need to decide to pledge aid.
The second video is actually not of a torture survivor. Instead, Mary Raphaely (coordinator of the Natural Group Project), tell us the story of one survivor. The text at the beginning of the video is as follows: “Working with nature often unlocks memories and resources that survivors can forget they had the traumatic experience of torture. One of the core beliefs of the MF’s Natural Growth Project is the healing power of nature. In the words of one client: ‘Nature cannot hurt you like man can’”. In this case, Mary (the background is the garden at the MF – in sharp contrast to the first video) tells the story of one of the torture survivors that she has assisted over the past several years. A young woman from an African country was imprisoned with her newborn baby who was killed in front of her. She was raped and eventually fled the country. When she was brought to London, she was again raped for several weeks by the man who helped her to the country and became pregnant. Eventually, she went to the Medical Foundation for help because of her depression. After many weeks of therapy, Mary assisted her in choosing her favorite plant for the garden (as part of the Natural Growth Project) in the back of the MF to represent a memorial for the child she lost. In doing so, the survivor believed that she could finally let go of her grief and move on. Her child is now two years old and Mary claims that the patient is going to University and is leading a much more healthy life. This story is incredibly important in the sense that one can see the true progress of someone who has been tortured. However, it is problematic that her voice is shown through the voice of another. One is to assume that she was asked if her story could be shared, but even then this story being told through the eyes of another is problematic. Even if this is actually a positive act that allows for survivors to gain control, these issues are never discussed and there isn’t much space for further context. The audience is left with these incredibly short clips that have the potential to be empowering, but often fall short.
Here, we would like to switch directions and analyze the video section of the MF website. From the home page one can click on a small link toward the bottom of the center of the page that has an image of a man with white text. The text states “Speaking Out” and “Video Interviews.” After pressing the link, the user is sent to a much different looking page. This page uses much darker colors including grey, black, and red. At the top center the page it titled “Speaking Out” in large grey text. Below this are several sections of black and red tiles, and in the center is a large rectangle where one can play videos. The red tiles are all different videos of people who work at the Medical Foundation, victims of torture, doctors, etc. Interestingly, since starting this project, the number of red tiles has increased significantly, meaning that recently much more attention has been given to this section of the website. Also, in clockwise order from the left top corner, the following titles are placed around the main video box; “Treatment,” “MF Chief Executive,” “Arrival,” “Stories,” “Issues,” and “Funding.” There seems to be no order of how the links to the videos (red tiles) are placed other than being near one of the aforementioned titles. As there are red tiles strewn in different patterns, one can assume that eventually many more will be red.
Because of issues of limited space, we only examine two of the twenty videos posted. While there are many interesting videos with testimonies from different faculty at the MF, we instead would like to examine the ones that highlight the survivors of torture. These stories are most important because they represent the nature of the organization. When a donor is searching the website one of their primary concerns is to see that their money is going to some use. The stories of torture victims are incredibly important toward earning new capital for the organization. In fact, the website itself is littered with different stories of the survivor’s testimonies, treatments and fundraising events that are put on by the MF. However, this portion of the website is the first to have video testimony. We argue that audiences relate to videos differently than images or text. Also, in terms of representation, these testimonies are the voice (for the most part – I will talk about this in a bit) of the actual survivors without mediation. However, one must ask if these portrayals are empowering.
The videos offer different experiences of torture through sit down interviews. Under the story section of the videos there are only four videos of torture testimonies, but it seems that more will be added in the future. The reason for this, according to the website is; “We are in the midst of a major initiative in the ‘survivors speak out’ series and will have many more client comments over the next month”.. Each interview consists of an individual sitting (either in a room or outside) with an interviewer off camera. While the interviews are conducted, one can hear the unseen interviewer asking questions. This technique seems to be problematic in the sense that it could be mistaken as the same sort of interaction between torturers and tortured, but here we will give the MF the benefit of the doubt in terms of intentions. Also, some of the survivors are out of focus so that one cannot determine their true identity. Obviously, this is important so that the individual can feel safe in revealing their story to the world, but in a sense, this makes the experience even worse to listen to. When one cannot look at the person who is talking, there is a sense of foreboding added to the already tense environment.
The first survivor’s story is that of activism and torture. The video begins with a black screen that has the following text: “Jonathan was a teacher in the Democratic Repbulic of Congo. At the school where he taught he witnessed soldiers forcibly abducting children in conscription. Jonathan spoke out about the issues of child soldiers – for which he was imprisoned and tortured.” This text fades away and we see Jonathan, who is out of focus in the frame. We can just make out his shoulders and head, but his identity is well concealed. The first voice one hears is actually the interviewer who is off camera. She starts the conversation by asking him about how he spoke up against soldiers who were forcibly kidnapping children. In particular, she is interested in a specific night and she asks him to recall his experience. To paraphrase, Jonathan spoke on the local radio in protest the kidnapping of the torture. Later that night he was abducted because of his actions and taken by van to an undisclosed location. He was stripped naked and, according to him, he was physically abused. Jonathan explains that many people attacked him and eventually he was forced to perform oral sex on the strange men. The video abruptly ends with him saying that his experiences were ‘really awful’. While this is obviously a very hard story for him to recall, the scene is a bit problematic. There is not a lot of context given to these stories and the viewer simply becomes the voyeur. The clip is only about three minutes long, so there isn’t much time to really get to know Jonathon. We are privy to his torture, but not much else. Without more contextualization this depiction borders on a revictimization. We argue that there needs to be more information for this to be helpful to those who have been tortured. However, this may be the perfect small tidbit of information that a donor may need to decide to pledge aid.
The second video is actually not of a torture survivor. Instead, Mary Raphaely (coordinator of the Natural Group Project), tell us the story of one survivor. The text at the beginning of the video is as follows: “Working with nature often unlocks memories and resources that survivors can forget they had the traumatic experience of torture. One of the core beliefs of the MF’s Natural Growth Project is the healing power of nature. In the words of one client: ‘Nature cannot hurt you like man can’”. In this case, Mary (the background is the garden at the MF – in sharp contrast to the first video) tells the story of one of the torture survivors that she has assisted over the past several years. A young woman from an African country was imprisoned with her newborn baby who was killed in front of her. She was raped and eventually fled the country. When she was brought to London, she was again raped for several weeks by the man who helped her to the country and became pregnant. Eventually, she went to the Medical Foundation for help because of her depression. After many weeks of therapy, Mary assisted her in choosing her favorite plant for the garden (as part of the Natural Growth Project) in the back of the MF to represent a memorial for the child she lost. In doing so, the survivor believed that she could finally let go of her grief and move on. Her child is now two years old and Mary claims that the patient is going to University and is leading a much more healthy life. This story is incredibly important in the sense that one can see the true progress of someone who has been tortured. However, it is problematic that her voice is shown through the voice of another. One is to assume that she was asked if her story could be shared, but even then this story being told through the eyes of another is problematic. Even if this is actually a positive act that allows for survivors to gain control, these issues are never discussed and there isn’t much space for further context. The audience is left with these incredibly short clips that have the potential to be empowering, but often fall short.
Sunday, September 19, 2010
Wow!
So, I finally got a response back to my earlier e-mail about the Medical Foundation not having its videos up anymore.
And they said....
*drum roll*
That they ARE STILL THERE!!!!
http://www.torturecare.org.uk/speakingout/
I am very happy about this because it means (at the very least) I will be able to have something to show at my upcoming conference. The next step is to find a way to download all of the videos on the page. I have been in talks with a tech-y friend in order to find a quick and easy way to rip all the videos off the site.
After that, I plan on looking at each of the videos more closely. In my last paper, I take a look at only two of the testimonies in order to talk about how the survivors are represented. I found the placement of the survivor in front of the camera with a questioner off to the side to be highly problematic. However, I also struggled not wanting to condemn the organization too much because they actually do preform very important work. How does one be critical, but at the same time not hurt the future of an important entity?
Perhaps when I look at these videos more closely I will find a way to raise concerns while still allowing for the significance of their work to shine through.
In the next post I will closely look at one of the videos on the site.
And they said....
*drum roll*
That they ARE STILL THERE!!!!
http://www.torturecare.org.uk/speakingout/
I am very happy about this because it means (at the very least) I will be able to have something to show at my upcoming conference. The next step is to find a way to download all of the videos on the page. I have been in talks with a tech-y friend in order to find a quick and easy way to rip all the videos off the site.
After that, I plan on looking at each of the videos more closely. In my last paper, I take a look at only two of the testimonies in order to talk about how the survivors are represented. I found the placement of the survivor in front of the camera with a questioner off to the side to be highly problematic. However, I also struggled not wanting to condemn the organization too much because they actually do preform very important work. How does one be critical, but at the same time not hurt the future of an important entity?
Perhaps when I look at these videos more closely I will find a way to raise concerns while still allowing for the significance of their work to shine through.
In the next post I will closely look at one of the videos on the site.
Sunday, September 12, 2010
Process?
Process is an interesting word. Many times we spend it waiting to hear back from organizations. My e-mail has not yet been responded to, so I will need to find another way to get access to the inner workings of the Medical Foundation. I have been sent several e-mail updates from them about upcoming events, so perhaps I should start looking at those documents. I am still at a kind of loss as to where to turn to next. Should I try and talk with people who work at the organization in order talk to those in charge about representation or should I simply find different texts on their website to analysis? I think I prefer the first option because it adds a real practical value to my work. If I simply look at just the images of the site, I am not really dealing with the bigger issues within nonprofit organizations. I really would like my work to be practical and useful to not only me but people within different fields.
I find the real challenge to be describing the images on these different websites without the input of those who have posted them. I think it is too easy to be incredibly critical when you have nothing at stake. It is important to immerse yourself in your work and to really get input from those who are the producers. So, my goal for this project is to not only look at the images of torture surviors on the website and their stories, but also to talk to those who have a stake in these images. The people who work at the MF have positive intentions behind their actions and these must be taken into account when one is being critical of their work. I would really like to get at the heart of how nonprofits deal with issues of representation so that I can accurately represent them in my own work. In doing this, it allows me to find a place that is productive and can help future instances of representation.
So, the goal is to continue to e-mail the MF until I get some sort of response. In the meantime, I will look for more images on their site that I find to be problematic and others that are empowering.
I find the real challenge to be describing the images on these different websites without the input of those who have posted them. I think it is too easy to be incredibly critical when you have nothing at stake. It is important to immerse yourself in your work and to really get input from those who are the producers. So, my goal for this project is to not only look at the images of torture surviors on the website and their stories, but also to talk to those who have a stake in these images. The people who work at the MF have positive intentions behind their actions and these must be taken into account when one is being critical of their work. I would really like to get at the heart of how nonprofits deal with issues of representation so that I can accurately represent them in my own work. In doing this, it allows me to find a place that is productive and can help future instances of representation.
So, the goal is to continue to e-mail the MF until I get some sort of response. In the meantime, I will look for more images on their site that I find to be problematic and others that are empowering.
Sunday, August 29, 2010
The Medical Foundation - CRAP!!
This is the beginning of my process blog for research in my feminist methods class and for a possible dissertation topic.
I have been working on a project with the Medical Foundation for months now. Specifically, I was interested in looking at how they depicted survivors of torture on their website. One section of the site was devoted to video testimonies which were incredibly interesting due to the insider nature of them.
HOWEVER, when I went to look them up for this project, I found that they had been removed. Now, being the awesome student that I am I of course saved all of the pages and videos because I knew this was going to happen. Unfortunately, I am not an awesome student and did no such thing. However, I do have a paper on the videos, which will come in handy.
While this is a bit shocking, it is actually also liberating. I feel like it opens me up to look at different forms of visual culture on the website. I am still very interested in representations of clients of nonprofits on websites, so perhaps this will make me expand into new areas.
Also, it forced me to contact The Medical Foundation in order to gain more information on the site itself. Below is the e-mail I wrote:
To whom it may concern,
My name is Sean Watkins and I am a PhD student in the United States at Bowling Green State University in the Media and Communication program. About four years ago I volunteered at your London offices.
I am writing because I noticed that I can no longer find the 'Speaking Out' section of the website that included video testimonies. I was wondering if there was any reason why this was taken down or perhaps I am not looking in the right place?
I am very interested in examining your website as part of a larger dissertation project on representations of clients on nonprofit organization websites.
Any help you could give me would be greatly appreciated!
Thank you,
Sean Watkins
____________________________________________________________
So the next few weeks will be interesting as I try and figure out a new angle for future research.
I have been working on a project with the Medical Foundation for months now. Specifically, I was interested in looking at how they depicted survivors of torture on their website. One section of the site was devoted to video testimonies which were incredibly interesting due to the insider nature of them.
HOWEVER, when I went to look them up for this project, I found that they had been removed. Now, being the awesome student that I am I of course saved all of the pages and videos because I knew this was going to happen. Unfortunately, I am not an awesome student and did no such thing. However, I do have a paper on the videos, which will come in handy.
While this is a bit shocking, it is actually also liberating. I feel like it opens me up to look at different forms of visual culture on the website. I am still very interested in representations of clients of nonprofits on websites, so perhaps this will make me expand into new areas.
Also, it forced me to contact The Medical Foundation in order to gain more information on the site itself. Below is the e-mail I wrote:
To whom it may concern,
My name is Sean Watkins and I am a PhD student in the United States at Bowling Green State University in the Media and Communication program. About four years ago I volunteered at your London offices.
I am writing because I noticed that I can no longer find the 'Speaking Out' section of the website that included video testimonies. I was wondering if there was any reason why this was taken down or perhaps I am not looking in the right place?
I am very interested in examining your website as part of a larger dissertation project on representations of clients on nonprofit organization websites.
Any help you could give me would be greatly appreciated!
Thank you,
Sean Watkins
____________________________________________________________
So the next few weeks will be interesting as I try and figure out a new angle for future research.
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